The Palouse area of Jap Washington and Idaho is legendary for for its rolling hills of wheat. Till the early 2000s, it additionally was well-known because the lentil capital of the USA, producing almost one hundred pc of nation’s lentil crop. Lentils, that are generally used as a rotation crop for wheat — lowering ailments, requiring much less fertilizer, and serving to management grassy weeds — are properly suited to the Palouse’s fertile soils and rising situations. In 1937, Palouse growers harvested the primary industrial crop, price $30,000. Nearly all of the industrial crop has at all times been exported, though home consumption has elevated. The trade peaked in 1980, when 163,000 acres had been harvested, yielding 163 million kilos of lentils, price about $43 million. Since then, because of the introduction of further rotation crops and rising lentil acreage in different states, Washington’s lentil manufacturing has steadily decreased. By 2021 it made up solely 12.7 p.c of the nation’s whole manufacturing. In 2019, Washington farmers harvested 68 million kilos of lentils on 62,000 acres, price almost $14 million.
Lentils 101
Lentils (Lens Culinaris) are a part of the legume household often known as pulses. Legume refers to any plant that grows in a pod, and pulse refers back to the dry, edible seeds inside the pod. Different frequent pulses embody dried beans, chickpeas, and break up peas. Lentils are planted in April or Could and harvested in late summer time. The pods normally include two seeds every. Lentils are available massive and small sizes and in a wide range of colours, together with yellow, crimson, inexperienced, brown, and black. They’re offered with or with out hulls, entire or break up.
Lentils are among the many earliest domesticated vegetation, though findings from Israel recommend wild varieties had been gathered by people 23,000 years in the past. A number of the earliest proof suggests people had been cultivating lentils in 8000 B.C.E. alongside the banks of the Euphrates River in what’s now northern Syria. As agriculture unfold from the Center East, lentils had been launched in Europe and Egypt, displaying up in Greece by 6000 B.C.E. and in Egyptian tombs at Thebes relationship to 2400 B.C.E. Lentils even present up in some translations of the Bible, in Genesis, when firstborn Esau sells his birthright to Jacob for lentil stew.
Finally, lentils made their method into Western Europe after which to the Americas within the early sixteenth century through Spanish and Portuguese explorers. At present, lentils are a staple of the Mediterranean eating regimen and are standard in Center Jap and Indian diets, with India accounting for roughly half of the world’s lentil consumption. Lentils are sometimes thought-about a meat substitute in vegetarian diets as a result of the tiny pulses are wealthy in protein and supply B nutritional vitamins, magnesium, iron, and zinc. Regardless of their nutritious benefit, nevertheless, lentils did not catch on with U.S. customers till properly into the 20 th century.
Lentils Sprout on the Palouse
In 1916, J. J. Wagner (1884-1964), a farmer from Farmington in Whitman County, planted Persian-type lentils in a pair of 60-foot rows in his orchard from seed he obtained from a fellow Seventh-day Adventist. Inspired by Brother Schultz, a minister from Germany, to plant extra and promote them, Wagner planted about an acre of lentils the following yr. He offered the crop to B. L. Gordon, a wholesale home in Spokane, for 9.25 cents per pound, making roughly $130 on the Palouse’s first lentil crop. Wagner developed a profitable mail-order enterprise for his lentils, particularly amongst Seventh-day Adventist congregations, academies, and companies. Costs ranged from 6 cents to 13 cents a pound. In 1928, Wagner planted a “Chilean” kind of lentil, which was in greater demand as a consequence of its bigger dimension.
Throughout these early years of lentil manufacturing, Wagner mowed, windrowed, and hand-pitched his crop right into a mix for threshing, making for a labor-intensive harvest. Within the early Thirties, two innovations helped pave the best way for future, large-scale manufacturing. In 1932, James E. Love, from Garfield in Whitman County, invented a versatile, floating cutter bar for combines that adopted the contour of the bottom, making it doable to reap lentils in a single operation. Love and Horace D. Hume created the Hume-Love Firm to fabricate the cutter bar that very same yr. In 1934, the corporate developed the primary tined pick-up reel for grain combines, considerably lowering crop losses and rising the effectivity of the cutter bar.
With a purpose to defend his mail-order market, Wagner refused to promote any lentil seed to native seed corporations. However in 1936, a farmer who acquired Chilean-type lentil seed from Wagner offered his seed to the Washburn-Wilson Seed Firm of Moscow, Idaho. The Moscow seed firm started contracting lentil acreage to farmers all through the Palouse. Farmers in Whitman County shaped a cooperative cleansing and packing institution for each lentils and peas. In 1937, the Spokane Spokesman-Overview estimated that farmers in Whitman County made $30,000 off of lentils. On the annual pea growers assembly that yr, almost 1,000 farmers heard Herman N. Wilson, president of Washburn-Wilson Seed Firm, declare that lentils had been “one thing for all of us to be eager about” (“Pea Lands …”).
At first, Wagner wasn’t comfortable that lentils had been being commercialized. He would come to vary his thoughts:
“Now we thought all was misplaced out of our palms, and it was dangerous for a yr or two with costs all the way down to 3½ cents a pound. But an excellent factor was occurring by way of all this, and crops elevated till there have been hundreds of acres planted. This created competitors on the open market till the worth even reached 15 cents a pound. We shipped lentils for 30 years, and as soon as in two weeks, I had 65 checks to take to the financial institution” (“My Life Historical past …”)
The budding lentil trade obtained one other increase in 1938 when the Spokane Seed Firm determined to focus on processing and advertising dry peas and lentils. The Spokane Chronicle known as Farmington the lentil capital of the Inland Empire, as farmers inside a 10-mile radius harvested roughly 15,000 baggage that fall. Shipments of lentils had been going to jap markets in addition to Cuba. A yr later, the Spokesman-Overview known as Farmington the biggest lentil-producing space on this planet.
Manufacturing and Worth
Lentils, together with dried peas, rapidly grew to become a viable various for the Palouse’s wheat crop. As the worth of wheat rose and seeding situations modified, various crop acreage fell, and vice versa. Regardless of the ups and downs of the market, lentil acreage steadily elevated. From these preliminary acres in 1937, Palouse farmers planted roughly 3,000 acres in 1948, rising to just about 12,000 acres in 1957.
Lentil manufacturing held regular by way of World Conflict II, because the pulses grew to become an necessary protein within the face of meat scarcities. In early 1943, lentils, together with lentils for seed, had been added to the ration checklist by the Workplace of Value Administration as a consequence of heavy demand by American and Russian armed forces. Nonetheless, the company rapidly reversed itself, saying if the lentils had been to be planted, no rationing could be concerned. “If the farmer does not look too hungry and the ration board is happy he means to plant his beans as an alternative of eat them, a certificates shall be issued for the variety of factors crucial to purchase the amount of seed licensed,” the Spokesman-Overview reported (“Bar Pea …”)
After the battle, lentil manufacturing within the Palouse fluctuated. Rising costs elevated manufacturing, which in flip decreased costs, adopted by a lower in manufacturing, till costs elevated once more. By 1960, harvested lentil acreage in Washington had hit 37,000 acres, yielding 26.6 million kilos, price $2.2 million.
Till the early Nineteen Sixties, lentil growers had little to no monetary recourse when a pure catastrophe hit their crops. However in 1962, the Federal Crop Insurance coverage Company (FCIC) introduced a assured manufacturing plan for lentils starting with the 1963 crop for Whitman and Spokane counties in Washington and Benewah, Kootenai, Latah, and Nez Perce counties in Idaho. Beforehand, solely wheat and barley had been eligible for all-risk safety. Crop safety proved essential in 1977 when extreme drought hit the area. Washington State College reported that precipitation in Spokane from September 1976 to April 1977 was 31 p.c of regular. The drought brought on lentil manufacturing within the Palouse to drop to its lowest level in 20 years. It obtained so dangerous that the FCIC stopped promoting crop insurance coverage for spring crops a month sooner than regular because of the rising danger of drought-related crop catastrophe. “That is the worst climate I’ve seen right here in over 50 years. Everybody you speak to says it is the driest in reminiscence,” one farmer mentioned (“Rain Late …”)
Washington farmers harvested 90,000 acres of lentils in 1977 with a median yield of solely 230 kilos per acre, a drop of 78 p.c from the earlier 10-year common of 1,037 kilos per acre. Some Whitman County farmers harvested fewer lentils than they planted. One farmer reported a yield of 19 kilos an acre in an space the place lentils had been sometimes seeded at a fee of 75 to 80 kilos per acre.
Climate wasn’t the one issue that harm lentil acreage and yields. Illness, pests, and weeds additionally took their toll. Farmers battled periodic aphid infestations, and for a few years, a scarcity of herbicides licensed to manage broadleaf weeds in lentils dented yields. Transportation was additionally a difficulty. In 1971, members of the Worldwide Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU) went on strike, shutting down all West Coast ports for 130 days. With the vast majority of the lentil crop going to overseas customers, lack of exporting capabilities meant there was no strategy to ship the pulses. To make issues worse, growers had restricted storage choices. “That is hurting so many, as a result of we’ve a record-breaking crop now, and no strategy to ship it or no place to retailer it. We’re looking for locations now,” mentioned Patrick C. Johnstone, president of Spokane Seed Firm (“Strike …”)
Railroads had been an important a part of the lentil trade, however in 1989, the Union Pacific Railroad Firm introduced plans to desert 69 miles of rail between Colfax and Spokane. On the time, the trade estimated that lentils crammed 200 to 400 railcars a yr on these strains. Growers appealed, saying that shedding the strains would enhance highway visitors and lift transport prices by 10 to 12 p.c. The appeals weren’t profitable, and the strains had been deserted in 1991.
Regardless of the obstacles, the lentil trade saved transferring ahead. From the drought-induced low in 1977, lentil farmers rapidly rebounded with bin-busting harvests in 1980 (163,000 acres, price $43 million), 1981 (146,000 acres, price $22 million), and 1982 (150,000 acres, price $21 million). Nearly all of the lentil crop (75 to 80 p.c) was nonetheless exported, and the trade’s buyer base had shifted from Europe to Africa. Algeria, which took 45 p.c of the crop within the 1979-1980 advertising yr, was the most important buyer. Egypt and Colombia additionally had been main markets.
The rise in lentil manufacturing wasn’t due solely to will increase in acreage, nevertheless. Business funding for analysis, primarily performed by Washington State College and USDA’s Agricultural Analysis Service, contributed. In 1969, researchers launched “Tekoa,” a greater yielding selection with bigger seeds, a extra uniform colour, and fewer illness issues than the opposite Chilean-type lentils being grown. “Pink Chief,” a crimson lentil, was launched in 1979 to focus on the Center Jap market. In 1989, “Emerald” was launched. Slightly than turning brown when cooked, this selection stayed inexperienced, which the trade hoped would enchantment to customers.
Initially of the Nineteen Eighties, the Palouse nonetheless produced the vast majority of lentils within the U.S. and Canada, however a significant shift within the trade was about to occur. In 1982, Canada produced extra lentils than the U.S. for the primary time, rising competitors for overseas and home markets. The Canadian trade obtained its begin in 1971, when the College of Saskatchewan established the Crop Growth Centre to develop new crops to enhance financial returns for Canadian farmers. After a number of stumbles, Canadian manufacturing took off from lower than 1 p.c of the whole U.S. harvest in 1976 to 7 p.c greater than the U.S. harvest in 1982.
The Palouse would stay the highest U.S. lentil producer for an additional 23 years, however home competitors was additionally rising, spurred by a brand new $12 to $15 million subsidy for peas and lentils included within the 2002 Farm Invoice. In 2005, each North Dakota (130,000 acres) and Montana (170,000 acres) farmers planted extra lentils than Palouse farmers (85,000 acres). From that time on, the Northern Plains would dominate U.S. lentil manufacturing. Lentil acreage in Washington state slowly declined from 78,000 acres harvested in 2010 to 62,000 acres harvested in 2019.
Organizational Efforts
From the start, the industrial lentil trade within the Palouse relied totally on overseas markets. As with different commodities, growers marketed their lentils by way of group efforts, and most growers organizations represented farmers in each Washington and Idaho. State-specific organizations tended to work very intently with the opposite state’s counterpart.
The primary lentil-specific group of farmers, the Pioneer Lentil Growers Affiliation, was reported a mere 4 years after the preliminary industrial crop was planted. One other early effort at organizing growers got here in 1949 when the Pacific Northwest Pea Growers and Sellers Affiliation filed incorporation papers. The affiliation’s objective was to work as an trade on laws, freight charges, and promoting strategies. Though lentils weren’t particularly talked about, the group shared employees with different pea and lentil organizations and was instrumental in future lentil advertising efforts.
The Washington Affiliation of Dry Pea and Lentil Producers (WADPLP) included in 1961 to hunt new makes use of for peas and lentils, develop applications for higher seed, insect, illness, and weed management, and conduct advertising analysis. Gerald Miller of Garfield was elected president, and the affiliation instantly launched an intensive membership drive with an 18-man committee. The group’s first annual assembly that yr had a complete of 116 producers and guests in attendance. Harold Stueckle, a pea and lentil farmer from Colfax, and vice chairman of WADPLP, promoted the trade throughout a 10-country European journey sponsored by USDA’s International Agriculture Service.
The primary instance of cooperation between Washington and Idaho lentil commodity associations occurred on the finish of 1961 when Stueckle, now president of WADPLP, urged Idaho growers to type their very own affiliation. He prompt that the 2 teams might pool their efforts to offer analysis, market utilization, and bargaining powers. By January 1962, the Idaho Dry Pea and Lentil Affiliation was official.
Initially of 1963, maybe recognizing the necessity to finance advertising and analysis efforts so as to develop the trade, WADPLP members proposed forming a seven-member commodity fee financed by assessments of three cents per hundredweight (cwt) of Austrian or winter peas, 4 cents per cwt of different dry peas, and 6 cents per cwt of lentils. At the moment, the Washington State Division of Agriculture mentioned there have been 1,400 pea and lentil growers in Washington. In accordance with NASS, the state’s lentil crop in 1963 was price $3.2 million. However not everybody favored creating such a fee. In a letter to the editor, Joe Fulton, chairman of the Committee In opposition to Pea and Lentil Fee, mentioned, “The forming of commissions below enabling laws deserves your severe examine, for these strategies have been used efficiently within the means of steadily altering different consultant governments into socialistic states. They inevitably change into devices for disciplining the producer, not representing him” (“Plight …”)
Voting for creation of a fee was shut, with 166 contested ballots. When the mud settled, the proposal was formally defeated 482 to 428. Growers instantly pressed WADPLP to attempt once more so as to fund analysis at Washington State College. In accordance with WADPLP administrators, the college breeding program wanted $25,000 yearly.
As renewed efforts for organising a fee started, the Washington and Idaho associations and the Pacific Northwest Pea Growers and Sellers Affiliation agreed in 1964 to work collectively to develop new markets for dry peas and lentils utilizing overseas market growth funds from the International Agriculture Service. To manage the funds, they arrange the Dry Pea and Lentil International Market Growth Committee, which was housed inside the Pacific Northwest Pea Growers and Sellers Affiliation. Inside a number of years, the committee morphed into the USA Dry Pea and Lentil Council, which might finally cowl your entire U.S. pulse trade.
The second try at establishing a pea and lentil fee happened in 1965. This time, the hassle was profitable by a vote of 609 to 409. The Washington Dry Pea and Lentil Fee (WDPLC) was established on July 1, 1965. Growers had been assessed 3 cents per cwt on clean dry inexperienced/yellow peas, 2 cents per cwt on inexperienced/yellow seed peas, and 4 cents per cwt on lentils. Estimated annual assessments had been $80,000. Mel Ensley of Colfax was appointed chairman.
A corresponding Idaho commodity fee shaped round this similar time. The 2 commissions start trying to find a joint administrator, finally hiring Spokane native Harold Blain. At first, the Washington fee was primarily based in Pullman, whereas the Idaho fee was primarily based in Moscow. In 1968, nevertheless, the 2 commissions mixed efforts and moved right into a trailer straddling the state line between Moscow and Pullman. Eleven years later, the trade constructed a brand new constructing near the identical location, housing not solely the 2 state commissions, however the workplaces of the Pacific Northwest Pea Growers and Sellers Affiliation and the USA Dry Pea and Lentil Council. Blain’s workplace sat proper on high of the state line, so half of it was in Idaho and half was in Washington.
In its first yr, the WDPLC licensed grants regarding analysis and employed a house economics guide to assist develop recipes for dry peas and lentils. It additionally helped fund a promotional exhibit on the Osaka Worldwide Commerce Honest in Japan in 1966. Greater than 1,000,000 folks noticed the show, which contained kinds of dry peas and lentils grown within the Palouse. Over the following few years, the fee additionally participated in worldwide commerce exhibitions in Paris and Italy.
A Push for Home Gross sales
Whereas 85 p.c of the lentil crop was nonetheless exported, the WDPLC elevated its concentrate on home gross sales, particularly as competitors for abroad markets grew and analysis efforts resulted in bigger yields. In 1968, the commissions licensed $10,000 for an promoting marketing campaign in New York Metropolis to get peas and lentils on restaurant menus at the very least as soon as per week. It additionally developed a collection of recipe booklets for distribution by way of grocery store chains and newspapers. Just a few months later, each commissions licensed sending six kilos of peas and lentils to 50 meals editors. They even developed a lentil soup recipe chosen to be served as soon as per week within the U.S. Home of Representatives cafeteria. “Shoppers in different international locations are extra acquainted with using peas and lentils than we’re, and that is what we’re attempting to appropriate,” Blain defined (“Marketing campaign …”)
Elevated advertising efforts meant an elevated want for funds. In 1982, growers voted to extend the evaluation on lentils to six cents per cwt (elevated assessments on dry peas, Austrian winter peas and chickpeas had been additionally accepted). Different home advertising efforts included a product package that packaged the components for 2 pea and lentil dishes with a recipe booklet. Shoppers might write in and request a package be mailed to them. One other Nineteen Eighties advertising effort was often known as PALS (Pea and Lentil Girls). This volunteer group of the wives of Palouse farmers and pulse processors helped promote lentils at county festivals, malls, meals festivals, and conventions.
The home advertising efforts had been efficient. Blain reported that People ate 25 million kilos of lentils in 1983, up from 3 million kilos 10 years earlier.
Washington lentils obtained one other likelihood to shine in 1985 when Whitman County farmer Bruce Nelson known as into NBC’s “Late Evening With David Letterman” to influence People to eat extra lentils. Lentils even obtained their very own competition. Pullman has hosted the Nationwide Lentil Pageant yearly since 1989. The competition options the world’s largest bowl of lentil chili, a lentil cookoff, cooking demos, sporting occasions, and a parade. Washington’s lentil trade is represented by two different nationwide and regional organizations: the US Pea & Lentil Commerce Affiliation, which dates again to 1963, represents the commerce portion of the heart beat trade, and the Western Pulse Growers’ Affiliation, established in 1965, addresses market growth, analysis, and academic programming.
Into the Subsequent Century
Adjustments had been afoot within the state’s lentil-related organizations. By 1993, the USA Dry Pea and Lentil Council (USADPLC) had absorbed the Washington and Idaho growers, processors, and exporters associations. At present, USADPLC manages the analysis, advertising, and authorities affairs of the dry pea, lentil, and chickpea trade throughout the U.S. It represents 10,000 growers, processors, exporters, and associates. It’s funded by commissions in pea and lentil-growing states.
In 1994, Harold Blain retired after 29 years managing USADPLC and the Washington and Idaho lentil commissions. Tim McGreevy, former govt director of the Idaho Grain Producers Affiliation, took over. In addition to managing the commissions, McGreevy can also be chief govt officer of USADPLC and the American Pulse Affiliation, which was established in 2010 and focuses on rising the consumption of pulses and advocating for analysis funding.
In 2015, the Washington Dry Pea and Lentil Fee modified its title to the Washington Pulse Crops Fee. At the moment, lentil growers are assessed 1 p.c of the online gross sales worth on the first level of sale to fund the fee.
As extra customers think about more healthy diets, lentils’ profile continues to rise within the U.S. The yr 2016 was designated as Worldwide 12 months of Pulses by the United Nations, and Washington lentil farmers took half within the international effort to boost consciousness and promote consumption of pulses world wide.
Whereas the Palouse area is now not the lentil capital of the U.S. — by 2019, Washington ranked third in manufacturing behind Montana and North Dakota — it has change into the nationwide epicenter of the U.S. lentil trade’s advertising efforts. The constructing straddling the Washington-Idaho state line is now residence to the Washington and Idaho state commissions, USADPLC, the US Pea & Lentil Commerce Affiliation, the Western Pulse Growers Affiliation, and the American Pulse Affiliation. Growers are nonetheless closely depending on overseas markets to promote their crops, and regardless of the lower in acreage, the tiny pulse stays an necessary rotation possibility for Washington farmers.
Be aware: This text is a part of Cultivating Washington, The Historical past of Our State’s Meals, Land, and Folks, which incorporates extra agriculture-related content material, movies, and curriculum.
Sources:
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Chemical compounds Uncommon,” Ibid., July 6, 1973, p. 13; Frank Bartel, “Strike Affect Spreading Right here,” Ibid., August 6, 1971, p. 5; Grayden Jones, “Appeals Courtroom Frees UP to Take away Railroad Strains,” Ibid., September 26, 1991, p. 18; “Lentil Selection, Tekoa, Authorized for Launch,” Ibid., September 19, 1969, p. 19; Alf Collins, “Well being-Acutely aware Shoppers Ought to Contemplate Lentils from the Palouse,” Ibid., March 21, 1989, p. 30; “Canadians Go U.S. in Lentils,” Ibid., Could 23, 1983, p. 20; “Affiliation Shaped by Lentil Growers,” Ibid., July 28, 1941, p. 15; “Growers, Sellers in Peas Manage,” Ibid., April 9, 1949, p. 25; “Pea-Lentil Plan Faces Listening to,” Ibid., January 28, 1963, p. 5; “Pea, Lentil Growers Vote Advertising Order,” Ibid., March 24, 1965, p. 12; “Pea-Lentil Models Search Workplace Man,” Ibid., June 10, 1965, p. 12 and “Pea-Lentil Job Given to Blain,” Ibid., September 9, 1965, p. 14; “Lentil Group Constructing Opens Close to Moscow,” Ibid., December 6, 1979, pg. 9; “Pea and Lentil Market Eyed,” Ibid., January 16, 1969, p. 16; “Marketing campaign Slated on Peas, Lentils,” Ibid., October 25, 1968, p. 3; Artwork Johnson, “Dry Pea, Lentil Producers Increase Analysis, Advert Charges,” Ibid., August 4, 1982, pg. 25; Jeff Sher, “Lentil Evening with Letterman,” Ibid., August 28, 1985, pg. 2.
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