• CDC. Childhood Diet Information 2021 [Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/nutrition/facts.htm.

  • WHO. Obesity and overweight 2021 [Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight.

  • Popkin BM. Nutrition transition and the global diabetes epidemic. Curr DiabRep. 2015;15(9):1–8.


    Google Scholar
     

  • Popkin BM, Corvalan C, Grummer-Strawn LM. Dynamics of the double burden of malnutrition and the changing nutrition reality. The Lancet. 2020;395(10217):65–74.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Poskitt E. Childhood obesity in low-and middle-income countries. Paediatrics and international child health. 2014;34(4):239–49.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Morandi A, Maffeis C. Predictors of metabolic risk in childhood obesity. Hormone research in paediatrics. 2014;82(1):3–11.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kansra AR, Lakkunarajah S, Jay MS. Childhood and Adolescent Obesity: A Review. Front Pediatr. 2020;8:866.


    Google Scholar
     

  • UNICEF. Prevention of Overweight and Obesity in Children and Adolescents 2019 [Available from: https://www.unicef.org/media/92336/file/Programming-Guidance-Overweight-Prevention.pdf.

  • Singh AS, Mulder C, Twisk JW, Van Mechelen W, Chinapaw MJ. Tracking of childhood overweight into adulthood: a systematic review of the literature. Obes Rev. 2008;9(5):474–88.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • CDC. Childhood Obesity Causes & Consequences 2021 [Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/causes.html.

  • Rivera JA, Hotz C, González-Cossío T, Neufeld L, García-Guerra A. The effect of micronutrient deficiencies on child growth: a review of results from community-based supplementation trials. J Nutr. 2003;133(11):4010S-S4020.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lassi Z, Moin A, Bhutta Z. Nutrition in Middle Childhood and Adolescence. Disease Control Priorities, (Volume 8): Child and Adolescent Health and Development. 2017:1896.

  • Galler JR, Koethe JR, Yolken RH. Neurodevelopment: the impact of nutrition and inflammation during adolescence in low-resource settings. Pediatrics. 2017;139(Supplement 1):S72–84.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Martins VJ, Toledo Florêncio TM, Grillo LP, Do Carmo P, Franco M, Martins PA, Clemente APG. Long-lasting effects of undernutrition. nternational journal of environmental research and public health. 2011;8(6):1817–46.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Das JK, Lassi ZS, Hoodbhoy Z, Salam RA. Nutrition for the next generation: older children and adolescents. Ann Nutr Metab. 2018;72(3):56–64.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • McGovern ME, Krishna A, Aguayo VM, Subramanian S. A review of the evidence linking child stunting to economic outcomes. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46(4):1171–91.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Galler J, Rabinowitz DG. The intergenerational effects of early adversity. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 2014;128:177–98.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Nasreddine LM, Kassis AN, Ayoub JJ, Naja FA, Hwalla NC. Nutritional status and dietary intakes of children amid the nutrition transition: the case of the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Nutr Res. 2018;57:12–27.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • El Mouzan MI, Foster PJ, Al Herbish AS, Al Salloum AA, Al Omer AA, Qurachi MM, et al. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Saudi children and adolescents. Ann Saudi Med. 2010;30(3):203–8.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Khader Y, Irshaidat O, Khasawneh M, Amarin Z, Alomari M, Batieha A. Overweight and obesity among school children in Jordan: prevalence and associated factors. Matern Child Health J. 2009;13(3):424–31.

    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Al-Jawaldeh A, Taktouk M, Nasreddine L. Food consumption patterns and nutrient intakes of children and adolescents in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: A call for policy action. Nutrients. 2020;12(11):3345.

    CAS 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Aboul Enein BH, Bernstein J, Neary A. Dietary transition and obesity in selected Arabic-speaking countries: a review of the current evidence. EMHJ-Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 2016;22(10):763–70.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hwalla N, Al Dhaheri AS, Radwan H, Alfawaz HA, Fouda MA, Al-Daghri NM, et al. The prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies and inadequacies in the Middle East and approaches to interventions. Nutrients. 2017;9(3):229.

    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Mirmiran P, Sherafat Kazemzadeh R, Jalali Farahani S, Azizi F. Childhood obesity in the Middle East: a review. EMHJ-Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 16 (9), 1009–1017, 2010. 2010.

  • Fahed AC, El-Hage-Sleiman A-KM, Farhat TI, Nemer GM. Diet, genetics, and disease: a focus on the Middle East and North Africa region. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism. 2012;2012.

  • Nasreddine L, Naja F, Chamieh MC, Adra N, Sibai A-M, Hwalla N. Trends in overweight and obesity in Lebanon: evidence from two national cross-sectional surveys (1997 and 2009). BMC Public Health. 2012;12(1):1–11.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Naja F, Hwalla N, Itani L, Karam S, Sibai AM, Nasreddine L. A Western dietary pattern is associated with overweight and obesity in a national sample of Lebanese adolescents (13–19 years): a cross-sectional study. Br J Nutr. 2015;114(11):1909–19.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Nasreddine L, Chamieh MC, Ayoub J, Hwalla N, Sibai A-M, Naja F. Sex disparities in dietary intake across the lifespan: The case of Lebanon. Nutr J. 2020;19(1):1–18.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Naja F, Hwalla N, Hachem F, Abbas N, Chokor FAZ, Kharroubi S, et al. Erosion of the Mediterranean diet among adolescents: Evidence from an Eastern Mediterranean Country. Br J Nutr. 2021;125(3):346–56.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Nasreddine L, Shatila H, Itani L, Hwalla N, Jomaa L, Naja F. A traditional dietary pattern is associated with lower odds of overweight and obesity among preschool children in Lebanon: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Nutr. 2019;58(1):91–102.

    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Jomaa L, Naja F, Kharroubi S, Hwalla N. Prevalence and correlates of food insecurity among Lebanese households with children aged 4–18 years: findings from a national cross-sectional study. Public Health Nutr. 2019;22(2):202–11.

    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hamburg M. Basic Statistics: A Modern Approach. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich: University of Michigan; 1979.


    Google Scholar
     

  • Raosoft. Sample size calculator 2004 [Available from: http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html.

  • Eldridge AL. FITS and KNHS overview: Methodological challenges in dietary intake data collection among infants, toddlers, and children in selected countries. Nurturing a Healthy Generation of Children: Research Gaps and Opportunities. 91: Karger Publishers; 2019. p. 69–78.

  • Identification EPot, Overweight To, Adults Oi, Heart N, Lung, Institute B, et al. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: the evidence report: National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; 1998.

  • Moshfegh AJ, Borrud L, Perloff B, LaComb R. Improved method for the 24-hour dietary recall for use in national surveys. FASEB J. 1999;13(4):A603.


    Google Scholar
     

  • Pellet P, Shadarevian S. Food composition. Tables for use in the Middle East. Food composition Tables for use in the Middle East. 1970(Edn. 2).

  • Louie JCY, Moshtaghian H, Boylan S, Flood VM, Rangan A, Barclay A, et al. A systematic methodology to estimate added sugar content of foods. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2015;69(2):154–61.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kibblewhite R, Nettleton A, McLean R, Haszard J, Fleming E, Kruimer D, et al. Estimating free and added sugar intakes in New Zealand. Nutrients. 2017;9(12):1292.

    PubMed Central 
    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Nestle Nutrition Institute. FITS/KNHS Overview. Accessed on November 16, 2020. Available from: https://www.nestlenutrition-institute.org/resources/videos/details/fits-knhs-overview. 2020 [Available from: https://www.nestlenutrition-institute.org/resources/videos/details/fits-knhs-overview

  • Wang D. Kids Nutrition and Health Study in China. Nurturing a Healthy Generation of Children: Research Gaps and Opportunities. 91: Karger Publishers; 2019. p. 79–88.

  • Gidding SS, Dennison BA, Birch LL, Daniels SR, Gilman MW, Lichtenstein AH, et al. Dietary recommendations for children and adolescents: a guide for practitioners. Pediatrics. 2006;117(2):544–59.

    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • AHA. Dietary Recommendations for Healthy Children. AHA Scientific Position. 2018 [Available from: https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-eating/eat-smart/nutrition-basics/dietary-recommendations-for-healthy-children.

  • USDA. Beef from Farm to Table: United States Department of Agriculture; [Available from: https://www.fsis.usda.gov/food-safety/safe-food-handling-and-preparation/meat/beef-farm-table#:~:text=%22Lean%22%20%2D%20100%20grams%20of,than%2095%20milligrams%20of%20cholesterol.

  • World Health Organization. WHO child growth standards: length/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age: methods and development: World Health Organization; 2006 [Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/924154693X.

  • World Health Organization. World Health Organization Growth Standards. 2007 [Available from: https://www.who.int/growthref/who2007_bmi_for_age/en/.

  • Intakes IoMSCotSEoDR. DRI Dietary Reference Intakes: applications in dietary assessment. 2000.

  • National Academies of Sciences E, Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for sodium and potassium. 2019.

  • Murphy SP, Guenther PM, Kretsch MJ. Using the dietary reference intakes to assess intakes of groups: pitfalls to avoid. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006;106(10):1550–3.

    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Vos MB, Kaar JL, Welsh JA, Van Horn LV, Feig DI, Anderson CA, et al. Added sugars and cardiovascular disease risk in children: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017;135(19):e1017–34.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • FAO W. Interim summary of conclusions and dietary recommendations on total fat & fatty acids. From the joint FAO/WHO expert consultation on fats and fatty acids. 2008.

  • Mirmiran P, Ziadlou M, Karimi S, Hosseini-Esfahani F, Azizi F. The association of dietary patterns and adherence to WHO healthy diet with metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: Tehran lipid and glucose study. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):1–11.

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ali HI, Ng SW, Zaghloul S, Harrison GG, Qazaq HS, El Sadig M, et al. High proportion of 6 to 18-year-old children and adolescents in the United Arab Emirates are not meeting dietary recommendations. Nutr Res. 2013;33(6):447–56.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Zaghloul S, Al-Hooti SN, Al-Hamad N, Al-Zenki S, Alomirah H, Alayan I, et al. Evidence for nutrition transition in Kuwait: over-consumption of macronutrients and obesity. Public Health Nutr. 2013;16(4):596–607.

    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • López-Olmedo N, Carriquiry AL, Rodríguez-Ramírez S, Ramírez-Silva I, Espinosa-Montero J, Hernández-Barrera L, et al. Usual intake of added sugars and saturated fats is high while dietary fiber is low in the Mexican population. J Nutr. 2016;146(9):1856S-S1865.

    PubMed 
    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Henry CJ, Nicklas TA, Nicklaus S. Nurturing a Healthy Generation of Children: Research Gaps and Opportunities: Karger; 2019.

  • Novak TE, Babcock TA, Jho DH, Helton WS, Espat NJ. NF-κB inhibition by ω-3 fatty acids modulates LPS-stimulated macrophage TNF-α transcription. American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 2003;284(1):L84–9.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Johnson RK, Appel LJ, Brands M, Howard BV, Lefevre M, Lustig RH, et al. Dietary sugars intake and cardiovascular health: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2009;120(11):1011–20.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ventura E, Davis J, Byrd-Williams C, Alexander K, McClain A, Lane CJ, et al. Reduction in risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus in response to a low-sugar, high-fiber dietary intervention in overweight Latino adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2009;163(4):320–7.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Jomaa L, Hwalla N, Constant F, Naja F, Nasreddine L. Water and beverage consumption among children aged 4–13 years in Lebanon: Findings from a National Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients. 2016;8(9):554.

    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • WHO. Reducing consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages to reduce the risk of childhood overweight and obesity 2019 [Available from: https://www.who.int/elena/titles/ssbs_childhood_obesity/en/.

  • Malik VS, Hu FB. Sweeteners and risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes: the role of sugar-sweetened beverages. Curr DiabRep. 2012;12(2):195–203.

    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • de Ruyter JC, Olthof MR, Seidell JC, Katan MB. A trial of sugar-free or sugar-sweetened beverages and body weight in children. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(15):1397–406.

    PubMed 
    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, Després J-P, Willett WC, Hu FB. Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(11):2477–83.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Welsh JA, Sharma A, Abramson JL, Vaccarino V, Gillespie C, Vos MB. Caloric sweetener consumption and dyslipidemia among US adults. JAMA. 2010;303(15):1490–7.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Welsh JA, Sharma A, Cunningham SA, Vos MB. Consumption of added sugars and indicators of cardiovascular disease risk among US adolescents. Circulation. 2011;123(3):249–57.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kell KP, Cardel MI, Bohan Brown MM, Fernández JR. Added sugars in the diet are positively associated with diastolic blood pressure and triglycerides in children. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;100(1):46–52.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Brown IJ, Stamler J, Van Horn L, Robertson CE, Chan Q, Dyer AR, et al. Sugar-sweetened beverage, sugar intake of individuals, and their blood pressure: international study of macro/micronutrients and blood pressure. Hypertension. 2011;57(4):695–701.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Skinner J, Byun R, Blinkhorn A, Johnson G. Sugary drink consumption and dental caries in New South Wales teenagers. Aust Dent J. 2015;60(2):169–75.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Peres M, Sheiham A, Liu P, Demarco FF, Silva AE, Assunção MC, et al. Sugar consumption and changes in dental caries from childhood to adolescence. J Dent Res. 2016;95(4):388–94.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bin Zaal A, Musaiger A, D’Souza R. Dietary habits associated with obesity among adolescents in Dubai. United Arab Emirates Nutricion hospitalaria. 2009;24(4):437–44.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Washi SA, Ageib MB. Poor diet quality and food habits are related to impaired nutritional status in 13-to 18-year-old adolescents in Jeddah. Nutr Res. 2010;30(8):527–34.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Nasreddine L, Naja F, Sibai A-M, Helou K, Adra N, Hwalla N. Trends in nutritional intakes and nutrition-related cardiovascular disease risk factors in Lebanon: the need for immediate action. Lebanese Medical Journal. 2014;103(1151):1–9.


    Google Scholar
     

  • Sibai AM, Nasreddine L, Mokdad AH, Adra N, Tabet M, Hwalla N. Nutrition transition and cardiovascular disease risk factors in Middle East and North Africa countries: reviewing the evidence. Ann Nutr Metab. 2010;57(3–4):193–203.

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hawkes C. Uneven dietary development: linking the policies and processes of globalization with the nutrition transition, obesity and diet-related chronic diseases. Glob Health. 2006;2(1):1–18.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Salamoun M, Kizirian A, Tannous R, Nabulsi M, Choucair M, Deeb M, et al. Low calcium and vitamin D intake in healthy children and adolescents and their correlates. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005;59(2):177–84.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Akl CG. Prevalence and determinants of overweight and obesity in a nationally representative sample of Lebanese children 5 to 12 years old-by Christelle Georges Akl 2012.

  • van Ommen B, Wopereis S. Next-generation biomarkers of health. Next-generation nutritional biomarkers to guide better health care. 84: Karger Publishers; 2016. p. 25–33.

  • Bailey RL, West KP Jr, Black RE. The epidemiology of global micronutrient deficiencies. Ann Nutr Metab. 2015;66(Suppl. 2):22–33.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • McKay J, Ho S, Jane M, Pal S. Overweight & obese Australian adults and micronutrient deficiency. BMC nutrition. 2020;6(1):1–13.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Piernas C, Wang D, Du S, Zhang B, Wang Z, Su C, et al. Obesity, non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors and dietary factors among Chinese school-aged children. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2016;25(4):826.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Musaiger AO, Kalam F. Dietary habits and lifestyle among adolescents in Damascus, Syria. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine. 2014;21(2).

  • Christian P, Smith ER. Adolescent undernutrition: global burden, physiology, and nutritional risks. Ann Nutr Metab. 2018;72(4):316–28.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Arlinghaus KR, Truong C, Johnston CA, Hernandez DC. An intergenerational approach to break the cycle of malnutrition. Current nutrition reports. 2018;7(4):259–67.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ransom E, Elder L. Nutrition of women and adolescent girls: why it matters: Population Reference Bureau; 2003.

  • Collaboration NRF. Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19· 2 million participants. The lancet. 2016;387(10026):1377–96.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kanter R, Caballero B. Global gender disparities in obesity: a review. Adv Nutr. 2012;3(4):491–8.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Raper N, Perloff B, Ingwersen L, Steinfeldt L, Anand J. An overview of USDA’s dietary intake data system. J Food Compos Anal. 2004;17(3–4):545–55.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Yeatts KB, El-Sadig M, Ali HI, Al-Maskari F, Campbell A, Ng SW, et al. Conducting environmental health research in the Arabian Middle East: lessons learned and opportunities. Environ Health Perspect. 2012;120(5):632–6.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Schatzkin A, Kipnis V, Carroll RJ, Midthune D, Subar AF, Bingham S, et al. A comparison of a food frequency questionnaire with a 24-hour recall for use in an epidemiological cohort study: results from the biomarker-based Observing Protein and Energy Nutrition (OPEN) study. Int J Epidemiol. 2003;32(6):1054–62.

    PubMed 
    Article 

    Google Scholar
     



  • Source link

    Previous article20+ Easy Summer Chicken Dinner Recipes
    Next articleThe best food hacks from TikTok that actually work (and a few that don’t)

    LEAVE A REPLY

    Please enter your comment!
    Please enter your name here